“A game is a system in which players interact in an artificial battle, defined by rules, that ends in a quantifiable outcome.” (Crawford notes that by his definition, a toy can turn out to be a game element if the player makes up guidelines, and The Sims and SimCity are toys, not video games.) If it has objectives, a plaything is a problem.

• This state of affairs endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux.
• This was not very completely different from what had occurred